A disease that lasts for a short period of time is called a/ an _______________ disease.

The correct option is A acute
$\bullet$ A chronic condition is a human health condition that is persistent or otherwise long-lasting in its effects. E.g., Tuberculosis, cancer, diabetes, etc.
$\bullet$ Acute diseases occur suddenly and last only for a few days. E.g., Common cold, heart attack, etc.
$\bullet$ Congenital diseases, also called birth defects, can be acquired during the development of embryo or from genetic makeup of parents. E.g., Heart defects, down's syndrome, etc.
$\bullet$ Dietary diseases are caused due to deficiency or excess nutrients in the diet. E.g., Obesity, malnutrition, cardiovascular disorders, etc.