Define mutation. List the three ways in which mutations can arise.

A mutation is defined as a change in the base pair or a deletion of a few base pairs that affects the function of a gene or an entire chromosome.

Mutations can occur naturally or it can also be induced. THree such ways are:

• Mutations may arise at low frequency due to the chemical instability of purine and pyrimidine bases and the errors occurred during DNA replication.

• Natural exposure to certain environmental factors, such as ultraviolet light and chemical carcinogens can also cause mutations.

• Intake of high doses of chemical mutagens or exposing to ionizing radiation may also cause mutation to occur.