Identify the diseases that can be prevented by vaccination

1. Cholera and Tuberculosis
2. Smallpox and Rotavirus
3. Smallpox and AIDS

The correct option is A Only 1 and 2
Vaccination refer to the administration of any vaccine. Vaccines are substances which are prepared from the killed or weakened pathogen or its parts or any synthetic substitute providing immunity against many diseases.

Vaccines generate the primary immune response, memory B cells and memory T cells. Primary immune response is produced as a result of the first encounter of the animal with an antigen. When the vaccinated person is attacked by the same pathogen in the future, the existing memory B and T cells recognise the antigen which results in a massive production of lymphocytes and antibodies.

The tiny amount of the weakened virus or bacteria present in vaccine makes the immune system of the body recognize this organism, without the person actually experiencing any disease.

All vaccines are monitored for their safety. However, some of the vaccines can have side effects that are minor and generally subside in a few days like fever, redness, swelling at the site of injection, nausea, tiredness, headache, muscle pain, joint pain, diarrhoea (less frequent) etc.

Some of the common diseases that have vaccines are Chickenpox, Polio, Measles, Diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae), Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b), Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, HPV (Human papillomavirus), Influenza, Mumps, Pertussis (Bordetella pertussis), Rotavirus, Meningococcal meningitis (Neisseria meningitidis), Rubella, Tetanus (Clostridium tetani), Cholera (Vibrio cholerae) and Typhoid (Salmonella Typhi).

Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by HIV (Human Immuno deficiency Virus). Vaccines are not successful against HIV due to the following reasons :

• HIV has evolved an ability to generate and tolerate many mutations in its genetic material.
• HIV envelope glycoprotein is the most heavy sugar containing protein of all viruses. More than half the weight of this protein is sugar. Creating immune response against sugars are difficult than creating immune response against proteins.
• The virus has evolved by natural selection, to use these sugars as shields to protect itself from recognition by antibodies that the infected host can create.

Figure : Structure of HIV