List various types of isomerism possible for coordination compounds, giving an example of each.

(a) Geometric isomerism:

This type of isomerism is common in heteroleptic complexes. It arises due to the different possible geometric arrangements of the ligands. For example:

(b) Optical isomerism:

This type of isomerism arises in chiral molecules. Isomers are mirror images of each other and are non-superimposable.

(c) Linkage isomerism: This type of isomerism is found in complexes that contain ambidentate ligands. For example:

[Co(NH₃)₅ (NO₂)]Cl₂ and [Co(NH₃)₅ (ONO)Cl₂

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(d) Coordination isomerism:

This type of isomerism arises when the ligands are interchanged between cationic and anionic entities of differnet metal ions present in the complex.

[Co(NH₃)₆] [Cr(CN)₆] and [Cr(NH₃)₆] [Co(CN)₆]

(e) Ionization isomerism:

This type of isomerism arises when a counter ion replaces a ligand within the coordination sphere. Thus, complexes that have the same composition, but furnish different ions when dissolved in water are called ionization isomers. For e.g., Co(NH₃)₅SO₄)Br and Co(NH₃)₅Br]SO_4.

(f) Solvate isomerism:

Solvate isomers differ by whether or not the solvent molecule is directly bonded to the metal ion or merely present as a free solvent molecule in the crystal lattice.

[Cr[H₂O)₆]Cl₃ [Cr(H₂O)₅Cl]Cl₂⋅H₂O [Cr(H₂O)₅Cl₂]Cl⋅2H₂O

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