The electrons which take part in order to exhibit variable oxidation states by transition metals are:

ns only

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ns and (n-1)d only but not np

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(n-1)d only

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(n-1)d and np only but not ns

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Solution

The correct option is B
ns and (n-1)d only but not np

Due to small energy difference between ns and (n-1)d orbitals, they participate in most bond formations in transition elements.

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