The process by which organisms with different evolutionary histories evolve similar phenotypic adaptations in response to a common environmental challenge is called :

The correct option is B Convergent evolution
Convergent evolution is the development of superficially similar structures, usually in unrelated organisms. This is usually because the organisms live in similar kinds of environment.
The wing is a classic example of convergent evolution. Flying insects, birds and bats all evolved the capacity of flight independently. All four serve the same function and are similar in structure but anatomically different. Another example is the streamlined bodies of whales and fish.
One can say that it is the similar habitats resulted in selection of similar adaptive features in different groups of organisms but towards the same function
Adaptive radiation is a type of evolution of diverse organisms from a common ancestral species.
Natural selection is the survival of organisms having characteristics that contribute to the survival of the organism.
Nonrandom evolution is nothing but evolution itself. But this is too vague an answer for the question.