What are the various ways by which biodiversity can be conserved? Elaborate on these types. [5 marks]

Biodiversity can be conserved using following methods.

I. In situ conservation: [½ mark]

• In in situ method of conservation, the species are conserved in their natural habitat. [½ mark]
• Hot spots and protected areas are two methods of in situ conservation. [½ mark]
• Biodiversity hotspots are areas with very high density of biodiversity. It is characterised by species richness, high degree of endemism and high degree of threat and exploitation. [½ mark]
• Protected areas are areas where the biodiversity is is conserved along with its natural and cultural resources. [½ mark]
• National parks, sanctuaries and biosphere reserves are examples of protected areas. [½ mark]

II. Ex situ conservation: [½ mark]

• It means off site conservation. When an animal or plant is endangered or threatened, they are are taken out from their natural habitat and are placed in a special setting where they are given special care and protection. [½ mark]
• Zoological parks, botanical gardens and wildlife safari parks are examples of ex situ conservation. [½ mark]
• Gene banks are also methods of ex situ conservation. Seeds and gametes of threatened species can be preserved in vitro in such gene banks for a long period of time in liquid nitrogen. [½ mark]