Where is FAD used?

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide:

1. Flavin adenine dinucleotide is a redox-active coenzyme found in a range of proteins that participate in metabolic enzymatic processes.
2. The reaction begins with the conversion of riboflavin to flavin mononucleotide, which is mediated by riboflavin kinase.
3. The dinucleotide nomenclature is therefore deceptive; yet, the flavin mononucleotide group is physically and chemically extremely similar to a nucleotide.
4. Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide is light, acid, and basic sensitive.

Uses of FAD:

1. Flavin adenine dinucleotide is an electron acceptor during the oxidation of succinate in the citric acid cycle.
2. Reduced anionic flavin adenine dinucleotide is the critical cofactor in DNA photolyase (PL) to repair cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) in UV-damaged DNA.
3. Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase uses FAD to transfer reducing equivalents to NAD.
4. It also serves in the processes like nucleotide biosynthesis, beta-oxidation of fatty acids, amino acid catabolism, as well as the synthesis of other cofactors such as CoA, CoQ, and heme groups.