Which principle is used in hydraulic turbines?

Hydraulic machine:

1. The hydraulic turbine blades rotate against the water's flow, causing the momentum of the liquid to change.
2. As momentum shifts, a pressure force is generated, causing the turbine to revolve. Whenever the momentum shift is large, the force produced is tremendous, which enhances energy conversion.

Newton's second law of motion:

1. According to Newton's second rule of motion, force equals the momentum rate of change. Force is equivalent to mass multiplied by acceleration for a constant mass.
2. This law states that the acceleration of such an item caused by a net force is usually approximately equal to its magnitude, in the same direction as the total force, and inversely proportional to its mass.
3. The hydraulic turbine works on the principle of Newton's second law of motion.
4. The hydraulic turbine blades are moved against the flow of water, causing the water’s momentum to vary. As the momentum changes, a pressure force is created, which causes the turbine to rotate. When the momentum change is high, the force generated is massive, which enhances the energy conversion.

The mathematical representation of Newton's second law of motion is given as,

$\mathrm{F}=\mathrm{m}·\mathrm{a}$

Here, $\mathrm{F}$ is the force, $\mathrm{m}$ is the mass, $\mathrm{a}$ is the acceleration.

Therefore, the principle used in hydraulic turbines is Newton's second rule of motion.